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In 1985, Gardner introduced three sub-measures namely the intensity, the desire to learn and the attitude towards learning to explain the motivation factor. [9] Gardner argued that if these three criteria work together, the learner could effectively use motivation as a tool for L2 acquisition. [9]
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences can be seen as both a departure from and a continuation of the 20th century's work on the subject of human intelligence. Other prominent psychologists whose contributions variously developed or expanded the field of study include Charles Spearman , Louis Thurstone , Edward Thorndike , and Robert ...
Some of the applications of Gardner's theory have been described as "simplistic" and Gardner himself has said he is "uneasy" with the way his theory has been used in schools. [52] Gardner has denied that multiple intelligences are learning styles and agrees that the idea of learning styles is incoherent and lacking in empirical evidence. [ 53 ]
This motivation is in part moderated by two different sources: the desire to succeed as well as the fear of failure. [2] Another motivational theory is Allan Wigfield's and Jacquelynne Eccles's expectancy-value theory which states that motivation is moderated by one's desire for success as well as the importance of the tasks one needs to do. [42]
The following section is trying to explain motivation and its influence on language attrition. Until 1990 the sociopsychological model of Gardner dominated the research about motivation. Gardner and Lambert emphasise thereby the importance of attitude towards the language, the target country and language community (Feuerhake 2004).
Human intelligence is the intellectual capability of humans, which is marked by complex cognitive feats and high levels of motivation and self-awareness.Using their intelligence, humans are able to learn, form concepts, understand, and apply logic and reason.
Learning styles refer to a range of theories that aim to account for differences in individuals' learning. [1] Although there is ample evidence that individuals express personal preferences on how they prefer to receive information, [2]: 108 few studies have found validity in using learning styles in education.
James G. March - theory of the firm (1960s) Constantinos Markides - strategic management and strategy dynamics (1990s) Harry Markowitz - modern portfolio theory (1960s, 1970s), Nobel Prize in 1990; Perry Marshall; John C. Maxwell - leadership (1990s, 2000s, 2010s) Elton Mayo - job satisfaction and Hawthorne effect (1920s, 1930s) John H. McArthur