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The control variates method is a variance reduction technique used in Monte Carlo methods. It exploits information about the errors in estimates of known quantities ...
The main variance reduction methods are common random numbers; antithetic variates; control variates; importance sampling; stratified sampling; moment matching; conditional Monte Carlo; and quasi random variables (in Quasi-Monte Carlo method) For simulation with black-box models subset simulation and line sampling can also be used. Under these ...
The antithetic variates technique consists, for every sample path obtained, in taking its antithetic path — that is given a path {, …,} to also take {, …,}.The advantage of this technique is twofold: it reduces the number of normal samples to be taken to generate N paths, and it reduces the variance of the sample paths, improving the precision.
In the statistical theory of the design of experiments, blocking is the arranging of experimental units that are similar to one another in groups (blocks) based on one or more variables. These variables are chosen carefully to minimize the effect of their variability on the observed outcomes.
While the inclusion of a covariate into an ANOVA generally increases statistical power [7] by accounting for some of the variance in the dependent variable and thus increasing the ratio of variance explained by the independent variables, adding a covariate into ANOVA also reduces the degrees of freedom. Accordingly, adding a covariate which ...
[citation needed] However, the method is open to criticism [citation needed]. [15] In regression problems, the explanatory variables are often fixed, or at least observed with more control than the response variable. Also, the range of the explanatory variables defines the information available from them.
A scientific control is an experiment or observation designed to minimize the effects of variables other than the independent variable (i.e. confounding variables). [1] This increases the reliability of the results, often through a comparison between control measurements and the other measurements.
Instead, they must control for variables using statistics. Observational studies are used when controlled experiments may be unethical or impractical. For instance, if a researcher wished to study the effect of unemployment ( the independent variable ) on health ( the dependent variable ), it would be considered unethical by institutional ...