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Basalt fiber is made from a single material, crushed basalt, from a carefully chosen quarry source. [1] Basalt of high acidity (over 46% silica content [2]) and low iron content is considered desirable for fiber production. [3] Unlike with other composites, such as glass fiber, essentially no materials are added during its production.
Recently, spun basalt fiber, long available in Eastern Europe, has become available in the U.S. and Western Europe. Basalt fiber is stronger and less expensive than glass, but historically has not resisted the alkaline environment of Portland cement well enough to be used as direct reinforcement. New materials use plastic binders to isolate the ...
Continuous yarn in Glass, Basalt, High-performance Polymer or carbon can also effectively be used as reinforcement for 3D-printed concrete without needing additional motors. [18] The technique takes advantage of the extruded concrete consistency to passively pultrude numerous continuous yarns.
These items were specifically meant to be reinforced with materials other than steel. In 1988, a patent was awarded for a safety barrier that used a rope-like reinforcement as its design. This reinforcement was made from concrete waste and textiles, and the innovative arrangement and size of the reinforcing fibers inside was notable.
Other readily available types of rebar are manufactured of stainless steel, and composite bars made of glass fiber, carbon fiber, or basalt fiber. The carbon steel reinforcing bars may also be coated in zinc or an epoxy resin designed to resist the effects of corrosion, especially when used in saltwater environments.
Where K is an empirically determined reinforcement factor; similar to the particle reinforcement equation. For fibers with randomly distributed orientations in a plane, K ≈ 0.38 {\displaystyle K\approx 0.38} , and for a random distribution in 3D, K ≈ 0.20 {\displaystyle K\approx 0.20} .
Early papers on geosynthetics (as we know them today) in the 1960s documented their use as filters in the United States and as reinforcement in Europe. A 1977 conference in Paris brought together many of the early manufacturers and practitioners. The International Geosynthetics Society (IGS) founded in 1982 has subsequently organized a ...
Bakelite was the first fibre-reinforced plastic. Leo Baekeland had originally set out to find a replacement for shellac (made from the excretion of lac bugs).Chemists had begun to recognize that many natural resins and fibres were polymers, and Baekeland investigated the reactions of phenol and formaldehyde.