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A traditional shunt reactor has a fixed rating and is either connected to the power line all the time or switched in and out depending on the load. Recently [1] variable shunt reactors (VSRs) have been developed and introduced on the market. The rating of a VSR can be changed in steps: the maximum regulation range depends on the capability of ...
In Fick's original method, the following variables are measured: [2] V̇O 2, oxygen consumption in mL of pure gaseous oxygen per minute. This may be measured using a spirometer within a closed rebreathing circuit incorporating a CO 2 absorber; C a, the oxygen content of blood taken from the pulmonary vein (representing oxygenated blood ...
Shunt reactors are used in power systems to counteract the effect of the line parasitic capacitance, thereby stabilizing the system voltage within acceptable limits. [1] The utility of shunt reactors for voltage control on lightly-loaded transmission lines was examined in a 1926 paper presented at the AIEE by Edith Clarke . [ 2 ]
The Shunt equation (also known as the Berggren equation) quantifies the extent to which venous blood bypasses oxygenation in the capillaries of the lung. “Shunt” and “ dead space “ are terms used to describe conditions where either blood flow or ventilation do not interact with each other in the lung, as they should for efficient gas ...
A pulmonary shunt is the passage of deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the left without participation in gas exchange in the pulmonary capillaries. It is a pathological condition that results when the alveoli of parts of the lungs are perfused with blood as normal, but ventilation (the supply of air) fails to supply the perfused region.
Secondly, the pulmonary shunt is caused by zero or low V/Q ratio due to insufficient ventilation and excess perfusion. Improper ventilation lowers blood oxygenation and oxygen supply to body tissues. Although 100% oxygen is inspired, a pulmonary shunt prevents oxygen from being delivered to the alveoli and blood capillaries.
Cardiovascular physiology is the study of the cardiovascular system, specifically addressing the physiology of the heart ("cardio") and blood vessels ("vascular"). These subjects are sometimes addressed separately, under the names cardiac physiology and circulatory physiology .
In respiratory physiology, the ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q ratio) is a ratio used to assess the efficiency and adequacy of the ventilation-perfusion coupling and thus the matching of two variables: V – ventilation – the air that reaches the alveoli; Q – perfusion – the blood that reaches the alveoli via the capillaries