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A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The word laser originated as an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
Laser types with distinct laser lines are shown above the wavelength bar, while below are shown lasers that can emit in a wavelength range. The height of the lines and bars gives an indication of the maximal power/pulse energy commercially available, while the color codifies the type of laser material (see the figure description for details).
Of more interest is the frequency separation between any two adjacent modes q and q + 1; this is given (for an empty linear resonator of length L) by Δν = c / 2L, where c is the speed of light (≈ 3×10 8 m/s). Using the above equation, a small laser with a mirror separation of 30 cm has a frequency separation between longitudinal modes of 0 ...
Albert Einstein proposed the stimulated emission in 1916, [1] [2] which contributed to the first demonstration of laser in 1961. [2] [3] From then on, people have been pursuing the miniaturization of lasers for more compact size and less energy consumption all the time. Since people noticed that light has different interactions with matter at ...
An excimer laser, sometimes more correctly called an exciplex laser, is a form of ultraviolet laser which is commonly used in the production of microelectronic devices, semiconductor based integrated circuits or "chips", eye surgery, and micromachining.
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Diagram of a simple VCSEL structure. The vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL / ˈ v ɪ k s əl /) is a type of semiconductor laser diode with laser beam emission perpendicular from the top surface, contrary to conventional edge-emitting semiconductor lasers (also called in-plane lasers) which emit from surfaces formed by cleaving the individual chip out of a wafer.
Light is generated in a semiconductor laser by radiative recombination of electrons and holes. In order to generate more light by stimulated emission than is lost by absorption, the system's population density has to be inverted, see the article on lasers. A laser is, thus, always a high carrier density system that entails many-body interactions.