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Amino acid biosynthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced. The substrates for these processes are various compounds in the organism 's diet or growth media.
The different amino acids are identified by the functional group. As a result of the three different groups attached to the α-carbon, amino acids are asymmetrical molecules. For all standard amino acids, except glycine, the α-carbon is a chiral center. In the case of glycine, the α-carbon has two hydrogen atoms, thus adding symmetry to this ...
These amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream to be transported to the liver and onward to the rest of the body. Absorbed amino acids are typically used to create functional proteins, but may also be used to create energy. [3] They can also be converted into glucose. [4] This glucose can then be converted to triglycerides and stored in ...
For example, one pathway may be responsible for the synthesis of a particular amino acid, but the breakdown of that amino acid may occur via a separate and distinct pathway. One example of an exception to this "rule" is the metabolism of glucose .
Amino acid intermediates: During amino acid biosynthesis or degradation, intermediates such as 2-oxoglutarate, pyruvate, or oxaloacetate are produced. These intermediates also link to the citric acid cycle. Lipid intermediates: Fatty acid metabolism involves intermediates like acyl-CoA derivatives during β-oxidation or fatty acid synthesis.
This pathway is a part of the glutamate family of amino acid biosynthetic pathways. [2] The reaction steps in the pathway are similar to the citric acid cycle. The first step in the pathway is condensation of acetyl-CoA with α-ketoglutarate, which gives homocitrate. This reaction is catalyzed by homocitrate synthase.
The shikimate pathway (shikimic acid pathway) is a seven-step metabolic pathway used by bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, some protozoans, and plants for the biosynthesis of folates and aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosine). This pathway is not found in mammals.
Ketogenesis pathway. The three ketone bodies (acetoacetate, acetone, and beta-hydroxy-butyrate) are marked within orange boxes. Ketogenesis is the biochemical process through which organisms produce ketone bodies by breaking down fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids.