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The Intel 8253 and 8254 are programmable interval timers (PITs), which perform timing and counting functions using three 16-bit counters. [ 1 ] The 825x family was primarily designed for the Intel 8080 / 8085 -processors, but were later used in x86 compatible systems.
The Intel 8253 PIT was the original timing device used on IBM PC compatibles.It used a 1.193182 MHz clock signal (one third of the color burst frequency used by NTSC, one twelfth of the system clock crystal oscillator, [1] therefore one quarter of the 4.77 MHz CPU clock) and contains three timers.
In computing, Intel's Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller (APIC) is a family of programmable interrupt controllers. As its name suggests, the APIC is more advanced than Intel's 8259 Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC), particularly enabling the construction of multiprocessor systems. It is one of several architectural designs ...
In early processors, the TSC was a cycle counter, incrementing by 1 for each clock cycle (which could cause its rate to vary on processors that could change clock speed at runtime) – in later processors, it increments at a fixed rate that doesn't necessarily match the CPU clock speed. [n] Usually 3 [o] Intel Pentium, AMD K5, Cyrix 6x86MX ...
The following is a list of Intel Xeon microprocessors, by generation. Intel Xeon E5-1620, top and bottom. ... Xeon Platinum 8253; Xeon Platinum 8256; Xeon Platinum ...
IIRC, the second counter was used to sync disk drive writing. If you have ever played around with the PIT clock on a 386, such as using it to play low sample-rate audio streamed from disk to the PC speaker, you will notice this straight away during disk read/writes. --58.164.132.207 04:21, 27 November 2012 (UTC)
The documentation of Red Hat MRG version 2 states that TSC is the preferred clock source due to its much lower overhead, but it uses HPET as a fallback. A benchmark in that environment for 10 million event counts found that TSC took about 0.6 seconds, HPET took slightly over 12 seconds, and ACPI Power Management Timer took around 24 seconds.
An open-sourced scan of page 110 of Sharp Corporation's 1987 MZ-80 BASIC Manual, describing the origins of the MML syntax. Classical MML as used in BASIC is described here. "MML Commands" are supplied to the MUSIC statement. Notes are specified in a three-octave range. A song is a sequence of mono single tones.