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The efficiency ratio indicates the expenses as a percentage of revenue (expenses / revenue), with a few variations – it is essentially how much a corporation or individual spends to make a dollar; entities are supposed to attempt minimizing efficiency ratios (reducing expenses and increasing earnings). The concept typically applies to banks.
In more advanced treatments and practice, costs and revenue are nonlinear, ... One of the main methods of calculating CVP is profit–volume ratio, which is ...
Profit margin is calculated with selling price (or revenue) taken as base times 100. It is the percentage of selling price that is turned into profit, whereas "profit percentage" or "markup" is the percentage of cost price that one gets as profit on top of cost price.
To verify a margin (%): Cost as % of sales = 100% − Margin % "When considering multiple products with different revenues and costs, we can calculate overall margin (%) on either of two bases: Total revenue and total costs for all products, or the dollar-weighted average of the percentage margins of the different products." [1]
Contribution margin (CM), or dollar contribution per unit, is the selling price per unit minus the variable cost per unit. "Contribution" represents the portion of sales revenue that is not consumed by variable costs and so contributes to the coverage of fixed costs. This concept is one of the key building blocks of break-even analysis. [1]
It is a measurement of what proportion of a company's revenue is left over, before taxes and other indirect costs (such as rent, bonus, interest, etc.), after paying for variable costs of production as wages, raw materials, etc. A good operating margin is needed for a company to be able to pay for its fixed costs, such as interest on debt.
The oldest cost (i.e., the first in) is then matched against revenue and assigned to cost of goods sold. Last-In First-Out (LIFO) is the reverse of FIFO. Some systems permit determining the costs of goods at the time acquired or made, but assigning costs to goods sold under the assumption that the goods made or acquired last are sold first.
Liquidity ratios measure the availability of cash to pay debt. [3] Efficiency (activity) ratios measure how quickly a firm converts non-cash assets to cash assets. [4] Debt ratios measure the firm's ability to repay long-term debt. [5] Market ratios measure investor response to owning a company's stock and also the cost of issuing stock. [6]