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The moderator band (also known as septomarginal trabecula [1]) is a band of cardiac muscle found in the right ventricle of the heart. [2] [3] [4] It is well-marked in sheep and some other animals, including humans. It extends from the base of the anterior papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve to the ventricular septum. [2]
The early bulbus cordis is formed by the fifth week of development. [4] The truncus arteriosus is derived from it later. [2]The adjacent walls of the bulbus cordis and ventricle approximate, fuse, and finally disappear, and the bulbus cordis now communicates freely with the right ventricle, while the junction of the bulbus with the truncus arteriosus is brought directly ventral to and applied ...
Congenital heart problems e.g. pulmonary artery stenosis (common), Tetralogy of Fallot, overriding aorta, ventricular septal defect; and right ventricular hypertrophy. Liver (jaundice, pruritus, hepatosplenomegaly, acholia, xanthoma) Andersen–Tawil syndrome: This condition affects the QT interval (in blue) Antley–Bixler syndrome: Barth syndrome
Although earlier changes can be discerned using electron microscopy, one of the earliest changes under a normal microscope are so-called wavy fibers. [23] Subsequently, the myocyte cytoplasm becomes more eosinophilic (pink) and the cells lose their transversal striations, with typical changes and eventually loss of the cell nucleus . [ 24 ]
Gap junctions connect the cytoplasms of neighboring cells electrically allowing cardiac action potentials to spread between cardiac cells by permitting the passage of ions between cells, producing depolarization of the heart muscle. [3] [2] All of these junctions work together as a single unit called the area composita. [2]
The crux cordis or crux of the heart (from Latin "crux" meaning "cross") is the area on the lower back side of the heart where the coronary sulcus (the groove separating the atria from the ventricles) and the posterior interventricular sulcus (the groove separating the left from the right ventricle) meet. [1]
The pericardium (pl.: pericardia), also called pericardial sac, is a double-walled sac containing the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [1] It has two layers, an outer layer made of strong inelastic connective tissue (fibrous pericardium), and an inner layer made of serous membrane (serous pericardium).
One of the simplest methods of assessing the heart's condition is to listen to it using a stethoscope. [1] In a healthy heart, there are only two audible heart sounds, called S1 and S2. The first heart sound S1, is the sound created by the closing of the atrioventricular valves during ventricular contraction and is normally described as "lub".