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2. Roller (agricultural tool) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_(agricultural_tool)

   The roller is an agricultural tool used for flattening land or breaking up large clumps of soil, especially after ploughing or disc harrowing. Typically, rollers are pulled by tractors or, prior to mechanisation, a team of animals such as horses or oxen. As well as for agricultural purposes, rollers are used on cricket pitches and residential ...

3. Hardpan - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardpan

   Hardpan. In soil science, agriculture and gardening, hardpan or soil pan is a dense layer of soil, usually found below the uppermost topsoil layer. [1] There are different types of hardpan, all sharing the general characteristic of being a distinct soil layer that is largely impervious to water. Some hardpans are formed by deposits in the soil ...

4. Topsoil - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsoil

   Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic matter and usually extends to a depth of 5-10 inches (13–25 cm). Together these make a substrate capable of holding water and air which encourages biological activity. There are generally a high concentration of roots in topsoil since this is where plants obtain most of their vital nutrients.

5. Ingersoll Power Equipment - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingersoll_Power_Equipment

   Ingersoll Equipment Company, Inc. (no connection to Ingersoll Rand) was formed when Jack Ingersoll purchased the garden tractor division from Case Corporation in late 1983. Case garden tractors came into existence in 1965, after the purchase of Colt Garden Tractors/Colt Equipment in late 1964. The motive behind the acquisition was a ...

6. Tillage - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillage

   Tillage. Tillage is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning. Examples of human-powered tilling methods using hand tools include shoveling, picking, mattock work, hoeing, and raking. Examples of draft-animal-powered or mechanized work include ploughing (overturning ...

7. Subsoiler - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsoiler

   A subsoiler or flat lifter is a tractor -mounted farm implement used for deep tillage, loosening and breaking up soil at depths below the levels worked by moldboard ploughs, disc harrows, or rototillers. Most such tools will break up and turn over surface soil to a depth of 15–20 cm (6–8 in), whereas a subsoiler will break up and loosen ...

8. Cultivator - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivator

   A tractor-mounted tiller. Tines close-up. A cultivator pulled by a tractor in Canada in 1943. A cultivator (also known as a rotavator) is a piece of agricultural equipment used for secondary tillage. One sense of the name refers to frames with teeth (also called shanks) that pierce the soil as they are dragged through it linearly.

9. USDA soil taxonomy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy

   A taxonomy is an arrangement in a systematic manner; the USDA soil taxonomy has six levels of classification. They are, from most general to specific: order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family and series. Soil properties that can be measured quantitatively are used in this classification system – they include: depth, moisture ...