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The three stages to adhesive capsulitis are freezing, frozen, and thawing. During the freezing stage, there is a significant increase in pain in the night hours. The Frozen stage is where the shoulder loses its range of motion and becomes stiff. Lastly, the thawing stage is where pain becomes minimal, and range of motion is restored.
The shoulder joint is considered a ball-and-socket joint. However, in bony terms the 'socket' (the glenoid fossa of the scapula) is quite shallow and small, covering at most only a third of the 'ball' (the head of the humerus). The socket is deepened by the glenoid labrum, stabilizing the shoulder joint. [1] [2]
The Spencer technique (also known as the "7 stages of Spencer") is an articulatory technique used in Osteopathic medicine to help relieve restriction and pain at the shoulder. [1] Although variations exist, normally 7 steps are included. [2] Indications for the Spencer technique include adhesive capsulitis. [3] The following is a common ...
Cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs is the nerve supply to areas of the skin of the upper limbs (including the arm, forearm, and hand) which are supplied by specific cutaneous nerves.
Evaluation of passive and active range of motion: Neck range of motion should be assessed that may reveal a neck source of shoulder pain. The Apley scratch test specifically tests range of motion and in a normal exam, an individual should be able to reach C7 on external rotation, and T7 on internal rotation. Evaluation of distal pulses
Range of motion (or ROM) is the linear or angular distance that a moving object may normally travel while properly attached to another. In biomechanics and strength training , ROM refers to the angular distance and direction a joint can move between the flexed position and the extended position. [ 1 ]
Shoulder problems, including pain, are common [20] and can relate to any of the structures within the shoulder. [21] The primary cause of shoulder pain is a rotator cuff tear . [ 20 ] The supraspinatus is most commonly involved in a rotator cuff tear, [ 22 ] but other parts of the rotator cuff may also be involved.
The range of motion at the shoulder may be limited by pain. A painful arc of movement may be present during forward elevation of the arm from 60° to 120°. [4] Passive movement at the shoulder will appear painful when a downward force is applied at the acromion but the pain will ease once the force is removed. [2]