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GVF – Gas volume fraction is the ratio of the gas volumetric flow rate to the total volumetric flow rate. LVF – Liquid volume fraction is the ratio of the liquid volumetric flow rate to the total volumetric flow rate. Hold up is the cross sectional area occupied by the liquid in the pipe carrying the wet gas flow. Void fraction is the ratio ...
It is the same concept as volume percent (vol%) except that the latter is expressed with a denominator of 100, e.g., 18%. The volume fraction coincides with the volume concentration in ideal solutions where the volumes of the constituents are additive (the volume of the solution is equal to the sum of the volumes of its ingredients).
For example, such a regulation might limit the concentration of NOx to 55 ppmv in a dry combustion exhaust gas corrected to 3 volume percent O 2. As another example, a regulation might limit the concentration of particulate matter to 0.1 grain per standard cubic foot (i.e., scf) of dry exhaust gas corrected to 12 volume percent CO 2.
Volumetric gas fraction converts trivially to partial pressure ratio, following Dalton's law of partial pressures. Partial pressure blending at constant temperature is computationally simple, and pressure measurement is relatively inexpensive, but maintaining constant temperature during pressure changes requires significant delays for ...
Therefore, gas volume may alternatively be expressed excluding the humidity content: V d (volume dry). This fraction more accurately follows the ideal gas law. On the contrary, V s (volume saturated) is the volume a gas mixture would have if humidity was added to it until saturation (or 100% relative humidity).
In hydrometry, the volumetric flow rate is known as discharge. Volumetric flow rate should not be confused with volumetric flux, as defined by Darcy's law and represented by the symbol q, with units of m 3 /(m 2 ·s), that is, m·s −1. The integration of a flux over an area gives the volumetric flow rate. The SI unit is cubic metres per ...
As an example, a measured NO x concentration of 45 ppmv in a dry gas having 5 volume % O 2 is: 45 × ( 20.9 - 3 ) ÷ ( 20.9 - 5 ) = 50.7 ppmv of NO x. when corrected to a dry gas having a specified reference O 2 content of 3 volume %. Note: The measured gas concentration C m must first be corrected to a dry basis before using the above equation.
CO 2 in wet exhaust gas, volume % 8.8 12.4 13.7 O 2 in wet exhaust gas, volume % 2.0 2.6 3.4 Molecular weight of wet exhaust gas 27.7 29.0 29.5 Dry exhaust flue gas: Amount of dry exhaust gas, m 3 /GJ of fuel 241.6 269.3 293.6 Amount of dry exhaust gas, scf/10 6 Btu of fuel 9,510 10,600 11,554 CO 2 in dry exhaust gas, volume % 10.8 14.0 15.0 O ...