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Lurkers view all of the questions in the survey, but do not answer any of the questions. Lurking drop-outs represent a combination of 3 and 4. Such a participant views some of the questions without answering, but also quits the survey prior to reaching the end. Item non-responders view the entire questionnaire, but only answer some of the ...
Randomised response is a research method used in structured survey interview. It was first proposed by S. L. Warner in 1965 and later modified by B. G. Greenberg and coauthors in 1969. [1] [2] It allows respondents to respond to sensitive issues (such as criminal behavior or sexuality) while maintaining confidentiality. Chance decides, unknown ...
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These deep generative models were the first to output not only class labels for images but also entire images. In 2017, the Transformer network enabled advancements in generative models compared to older Long-Short Term Memory models, [ 38 ] leading to the first generative pre-trained transformer (GPT), known as GPT-1 , in 2018. [ 39 ]
In some cases, data reveals an obvious non-random pattern, as with so-called "runs in the data" (such as expecting random 0–9 but finding "4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 1..." and rarely going above 4). If a selected set of data fails the tests, then parameters can be changed or other randomized data can be used which does pass the tests for randomness.
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A generative adversarial network (GAN) is a class of machine learning frameworks and a prominent framework for approaching generative artificial intelligence. [1] [2] The concept was initially developed by Ian Goodfellow and his colleagues in June 2014. [3]