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  2. Seismic refraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_refraction

    Seismic refraction is exploited in engineering geology, geotechnical engineering and exploration geophysics. Seismic refraction traverses (seismic lines) are performed using an array of seismographs or geophones and an energy source. The methods depend on the fact that seismic waves have differing velocities in different types of soil or rock.

  3. Seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_wide-angle...

    Seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction is a technique used in geophysical investigations of Earth's crust and upper mantle.It allows the development of a detailed model of seismic velocities beneath Earth's surface well beyond the reach of exploration boreholes.

  4. Plus–minus method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus–minus_method

    The plus–minus method, also known as CRM (conventional reciprocal method), is a geophysical method to analyze seismic refraction data developed by J. G. Hagedoorn.It can be used to calculate the depth and velocity variations of an undulating layer boundary for slope angles less than ~10°.

  5. Reflection seismology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_seismology

    Reflection seismology (or seismic reflection) is a method of exploration geophysics that uses the principles of seismology to estimate the properties of the Earth's subsurface from reflected seismic waves. The method requires a controlled seismic source of energy, such as dynamite or Tovex blast, a specialized air gun or a seismic

  6. Refraction microtremor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction_microtremor

    The method utilizes equipment typically employed in seismic refraction surveys. This equipment consists of a seismograph, geophones placed in an array, and a seismic source. An array consists of 6 to 48+ geophones placed at some interval along the ground surface to measure the propagating waves and are connected to a seismograph that records ...

  7. Geophysical imaging - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophysical_imaging

    Seismic waves are recorded on geophones. Seismic methods are split up into three different methods, reflection, refraction, and surface wave, based on the physical property of the waves being considered. The reflection method looks at reflected energy from sharp boundaries to determine contrasts in density and velocity. Reflections methods are ...

  8. The best air purifiers of 2025 - AOL

    www.aol.com/best-air-purifiers-190644198.html

    Blue Pure 311i Max is the top-of-the-line model out of the half-dozen or so Blue Air purifiers available. The tallest (14.4" wide x 14.4" deep x 22.7" tall) in our round-up and with a premium grey ...

  9. Seismic velocity structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_Velocity_Structure

    Seismic refraction is a geophysical method for characterizing subsurface geological features. It operates on the principle that seismic waves —specifically P-waves and S-waves —refract, or bend, when they encounter layers with varying seismic velocities.