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Counting rods (чнн) are small bars, typically 3–14 cm (1" to 6") long, that were used by mathematicians for calculation in ancient East Asia.They are placed either horizontally or vertically to represent any integer or rational number.
The basic equipment for carrying out rod calculus is a bundle of counting rods and a counting board. The counting rods are usually made of bamboo sticks, about 12 cm- 15 cm in length, 2mm to 4 mm diameter, sometimes from animal bones, or ivory and jade (for well-heeled merchants).
Counting Rod Numerals is a Unicode block containing traditional Chinese counting rod symbols, which mathematicians used for calculation in ancient China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.
Visual proof for the (3, 4, 5) triangle as in the Zhoubi Suanjing 500–200 BCE Oracle bone script numeral system counting rod place value decimal. Shang dynasty (1600–1050 BC). One of the oldest surviving mathematical works is the I Ching, which greatly influenced written literature during the Zhou dynasty (1050–256 BC).
The Suzhou numerals for 5 and 9 come from their respective horizontal forms of the rod numerals, combining a vertical rod for 5 and a circle for 0 or a cross for 4 respectively. Note that circles are written clockwise traditionally in China. The Suzhou numeral system is the only surviving variation of the rod numeral system.
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For the first time, The Mathematical Classic of Sun Zi provided a detail description of the rules of counting rods: "one must know the position of the counting rods, the units are vertical, the tens horizontal, the hundreds stand, the thousands prostrate", [3] followed by the detailed layout and rules for manipulation of the counting rods in ...