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Counting rods (筭) are small bars, typically 3–14 cm (1" to 6") long, that were used by mathematicians for calculation in ancient East Asia.They are placed either horizontally or vertically to represent any integer or rational number.
The basic equipment for carrying out rod calculus is a bundle of counting rods and a counting board. The counting rods are usually made of bamboo sticks, about 12 cm- 15 cm in length, 2mm to 4 mm diameter, sometimes from animal bones, or ivory and jade (for well-heeled merchants).
Cuisenaire rods illustrating the factors of ten A demonstration the first pair of amicable numbers, (220,284). Cuisenaire rods are mathematics learning aids for pupils that provide an interactive, hands-on [1] way to explore mathematics and learn mathematical concepts, such as the four basic arithmetical operations, working with fractions and finding divisors.
Within the counting system used with most discrete objects (including animals like sheep), there was a token for one item (units), a different token for ten items (tens), a different token for six tens (sixties), etc. Tokens of different sizes and shapes were used to record higher groups of ten or six in a sexagesimal number system.
For the first time, The Mathematical Classic of Sun Zi provided a detail description of the rules of counting rods: "one must know the position of the counting rods, the units are vertical, the tens horizontal, the hundreds stand, the thousands prostrate", [3] followed by the detailed layout and rules for manipulation of the counting rods in ...
The counting rod numerals system has place value and decimal numerals for computation, and was used widely by Chinese merchants, mathematicians and astronomers from the Han dynasty to the 16th century. In 690 AD, Wu Zetian promulgated Zetian characters, one of which was 〇. The word is now used as a synonym for the number zero. [nb 3]
Interactive maps, databases and real-time graphics from The Huffington Post
Visual proof for the (3, 4, 5) triangle as in the Zhoubi Suanjing 500–200 BCE Oracle bone script numeral system counting rod place value decimal. Shang dynasty (1600–1050 BC). One of the oldest surviving mathematical works is the I Ching, which greatly influenced written literature during the Zhou dynasty (1050–256 BC).
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