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The vacuum magnetic permeability (variously vacuum permeability, permeability of free space, permeability of vacuum, magnetic constant) is the magnetic permeability in a classical vacuum. It is a physical constant , conventionally written as μ 0 (pronounced "mu nought" or "mu zero").
The steam to oil ratio is a measure of the water and energy consumption related to oil production in cyclic steam stimulation and steam assisted gravity drainage oil production. SOR is the ratio of unit of steam required to produce unit of Oil. The typical values are three to eight and two to five respectively.
The penetration depth for a good conductor can be calculated from the following equation: [5] =, where δ is the penetration depth (m), f is the frequency (Hz), μ is the magnetic permeability of the material (H/m), and σ is the electrical conductivity of the material (S/m).
A practical unit for permeability is the darcy (d), or more commonly the millidarcy (md) (1 d ≈ 10 −12 m 2). The name honors the French Engineer Henry Darcy who first described the flow of water through sand filters for potable water supply. Permeability values for most materials commonly range typically from a fraction to several thousand ...
In SI units, permeability is measured in henries per meter (H/m), or equivalently in newtons per ampere squared (N/A 2). The permeability constant μ 0, also known as the magnetic constant or the permeability of free space, is the proportionality between magnetic induction and magnetizing force when forming a magnetic field in a classical vacuum.
is the conductance, having units of volume/time, which are the same units as pumping speed for a vacuum pump. This definition proves useful in vacuum systems because under conditions of rarefied gas flow, the conductance of various structures is usually constant, and the overall conductance of a complex network of pipes, orifices and other ...
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Materials for use in vacuum are materials that show very low rates of outgassing in vacuum and, where applicable, are tolerant to bake-out temperatures. The requirements grow increasingly stringent with the desired degree of vacuum to be achieved in the vacuum chamber. The materials can produce gas by several mechanisms.