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For many, the current standard of care (the glucagon emergency kit) is burdensome and not caregiver or patient-friendly due to the multiple steps required to administer the drug, especially during an emergency situation. [7] To improve hypoglycemia treatment, many companies are developing more efficient glucagon delivery solutions.
When individuals take insulin without needing it, to purposefully induce hypoglycemia, this is referred to as surreptitious insulin use or factitious hypoglycemia. [ 3 ] [ 2 ] [ 24 ] Some people may use insulin to induce weight loss, whereas for others this may be due to malingering or factitious disorder , which is a psychiatric disorder . [ 24 ]
People with type 1 diabetes mellitus who must take insulin in full replacement doses are most vulnerable to episodes of hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels). This can occur if a person takes too much insulin or diabetic medication, does strenuous exercise without eating additional food, misses meals, consumes too much alcohol, or consumes alcohol without food. [5]
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is one of the life-threatening severe complications of diabetes that demands immediate attention and intervention. [7] It is considered a medical emergency and can affect both patients with T1D (type 1 diabetes) and T2D (type 2 diabetes), but it is more common in T1D. [8]
The hypoglycemia (pathologically low glucose levels) that resulted from insulin coma therapy made patients extremely restless, sweaty, and liable to further convulsions and "after-shocks". In addition, patients invariably emerged from the long course of treatment "grossly obese", [5] probably due to glucose rescue-induced glycogen storage ...
Due to these similarities, some sources place obstructive shock under the category of cardiogenic shock. [1] [5] However, it is important to distinguish between the two types, because treatment is different. [6] In cardiogenic shock, the problem is in the function of the heart itself. In obstructive shock, the underlying problem is not the pump.
Neurogenic shock results from damage to the spinal cord above the level of the 6th thoracic vertebra. [5] It is found in about half of people who have a spinal cord injury within the first 24 hours, and usually persists for one to three weeks. [5] Neurogenic shock may be caused by severe brain injury. [6]
Management of hypoglycemia due to treatment of type 2 diabetes is similar, and the dose of the oral hypoglycemic agent may need to be reduced. Reversal and prevention of hypoglycemia is a major aspect of the management of type 1 diabetes. Hypoglycemia due to drug overdose or effect is supported with extra glucose until the drugs have been ...
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