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During the Kojiki and Nihonshoki periods the tanka retained a well defined form, but the history of the mutations of the tanka itself forms an important chapter in haiku history, [7] until the modern revival of tanka began with several poets who began to publish literary magazines, gathering their friends and disciples as contributors.
The composition and translation of tanka in English begins at the end of the nineteenth century in England and the United States. Translations into English of classic Japanese tanka (traditionally known as waka) date back at least to the 1865 translation of the classic Ogura Hyakunin Isshu (c. early 13th century); an early publication of originally English tanka dates to 1899.
Haiku (俳句, listen ⓘ) is a type of short form poetry that originated in Japan. Traditional Japanese haiku consist of three phrases composed of 17 morae (called on in Japanese) in a 5, 7, 5 pattern; [1] that include a kireji, or "cutting word"; [2] and a kigo, or seasonal reference.
It is considered the most prestigious award in the haiku world. [1] It is sponsored by the Kadokawa Culture Promotion Foundation, and the first award was held in 1967. The winner is awarded a certificate, a commemorative gift, and a monetary prize. The award ceremony is held every June, together with the Teiku Award, a tanka award.
The position of Bashō in Western eyes as the haiku poet par excellence gives great influence to his poetry: Western preference for haiku over more traditional forms such as tanka or renga have rendered archetypal status to Bashō as Japanese poet and haiku as Japanese poetry. [46] Some western scholars even believe that Bashō invented haiku. [47]
Up to and during the compilation of the Man'yōshū in the eighth century, the word waka was a general term for poetry composed in Japanese, and included several genres such as tanka (短歌, "short poem"), chōka (長歌, "long poem"), bussokusekika (仏足石歌, "Buddha footprint poem") and sedōka (旋頭歌, "repeating-the-first-part poem").
This is a list of kigo, which are words or phrases that are associated with a particular season in Japanese poetry.They provide an economy of expression that is especially valuable in the very short haiku, as well as the longer linked-verse forms renku and renga, to indicate the season referenced in the poem or stanza.
As models for his pupils, he singled out four of Bashō's disciples: Kikaku, Kyorai, Ransetsu, and Sodō. [9] In 1770, he assumed the haigō (俳号, haiku pen name) of Yahantei II (夜半亭 二世, "Midnight Studio"), which had been the pen name of his teacher Hajin. Buson died at the age of 68 and was buried at Konpuku-ji temple in Kyoto.