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The stellate ganglion (or cervicothoracic ganglion [1]) is a sympathetic ganglion formed by the fusion of the inferior cervical ganglion and the first thoracic (superior thoracic sympathetic) ganglion, [2] which is present in 80% of individuals. Sometimes, the second and the third thoracic ganglia are included in this fusion.
Ganglionic blockers are used less frequently now than they were in the past, because antihypertensives with fewer side effects are now available. Hexamethonium has been described as the "first effective antihypertensive drug". [4] However, they are still used in some emergency situations, such as aortic dissection or autonomic dysreflexia.
The treatment is known as SGB (stellate ganglion block), which can also be referred to as CSB (cervical sympathetic blockade). The stellate ganglion is treated with an injection of local anesthetic (numbing medicine) to block the sympathetic nerves located on either side of the voice box in the neck.
Afferent nerve cell bodies bring information from the body to the brain and spinal cord, while efferent nerve cell bodies bring information from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. The cell bodies create long sympathetic chains that are on either side of the spinal cord. They also form para- or pre-vertebral ganglia of gross anatomy.
The organ system and adverse effects of ganglion blockers are due to the parasympathetic and sympathetic stimuli blockage at preganglionic sites. Side-effects include combined sympatholytic (e.g., orthostatic hypotension and sexual dysfunction ) and parasympatholytic (e.g., constipation, urinary retention , glaucoma , blurry vision, decreased ...
Trimetaphan camsilate or trimethaphan camsylate (), trade name Arfonad, is a sympatholytic drug used in rare circumstances to lower blood pressure.. Trimetaphan is a ganglionic blocker: it counteracts cholinergic transmission at a specific type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the autonomic ganglia and therefore blocks both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous ...
Horner's syndrome, also known as oculosympathetic paresis, [1] is a combination of symptoms that arises when a group of nerves known as the sympathetic trunk is damaged. The signs and symptoms occur on the same side (ipsilateral) as it is a lesion of the sympathetic trunk.
The area postrema, one of the circumventricular organs, [10] detects toxins in the blood and acts as a vomit-inducing center. The area postrema is a critical homeostatic integration center for humoral and neural signals by means of its function as a chemoreceptor trigger zone for vomiting in response to emetic drugs.