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The distributions of a wide variety of physical, biological, and human-made phenomena approximately follow a power law over a wide range of magnitudes: these include the sizes of craters on the moon and of solar flares, [2] cloud sizes, [3] the foraging pattern of various species, [4] the sizes of activity patterns of neuronal populations, [5] the frequencies of words in most languages ...
Critics of the power law also point out that the validity of the law is contingent on the measurement of perceived stimulus intensity that is employed in the relevant experiments. Luce (2002) , under the condition that respondents' numerical distortion function and the psychophysical functions could be separated, formulated a behavioral ...
Power in mechanical systems is the combination of forces and movement. In particular, power is the product of a force on an object and the object's velocity, or the product of a torque on a shaft and the shaft's angular velocity. Mechanical power is also described as the time derivative of work.
Edwin E. Salpeter is the first astrophysicist who attempted to quantify IMF by applying power law into his equations. [9] His work is based upon the sun-like stars that can be easily observed with great accuracy. [2] Salpeter defined the mass function as the number of stars in a volume of space observed at a time as per logarithmic mass ...
A scientific law is "inferred from particular facts, applicable to a defined group or class of phenomena, and expressible by the statement that a particular phenomenon always occurs if certain conditions be present". [7] The production of a summary description of our environment in the form of such laws is a fundamental aim of science.
By inserting such an expression for into Newton's second law, an equation with predictive power can be written. [note 5] Newton's second law has also been regarded as setting out a research program for physics, establishing that important goals of the subject are to identify the forces present in nature and to catalogue the constituents of matter.
The Stefan–Boltzmann law gives the power emitted per unit area of the emitting body, = (,) Note that the cosine appears because black bodies are Lambertian (i.e. they obey Lambert's cosine law ), meaning that the intensity observed along the sphere will be the actual intensity times the cosine of the zenith angle.
The power coefficient [9] C P (= P/P wind) is the dimensionless ratio of the extractable power P to the kinetic power P wind available in the undistributed stream. [ citation needed ] It has a maximum value C P max = 16/27 = 0.593 (or 59.3%; however, coefficients of performance are usually expressed as a decimal, not a percentage).