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In 1998/99, Merab Gogberashvili published on arXiv a number of articles where he showed that if the Universe is considered as a thin shell (a mathematical synonym for "brane") expanding in 5-dimensional space then there is a possibility to obtain one scale for particle theory corresponding to the 5-dimensional cosmological constant and Universe ...
Heterotic M-theory has been used to construct models of brane cosmology in which the observable universe is thought to exist on a brane in a higher dimensional ambient space. It has also spawned alternative theories of the early universe that do not rely on the theory of cosmic inflation. [70]
A point particle is a 0-brane, of dimension zero; a string, named after vibrating musical strings, is a 1-brane; a membrane, named after vibrating membranes such as drumheads, is a 2-brane. [2] The corresponding object of arbitrary dimension p is called a p-brane, a term coined by M. J. Duff et al. in 1988. [3]
[3] [4] [5] He showed that if the Universe is considered as a thin shell (a mathematical synonym for "brane") expanding in 5-dimensional space, then there is a possibility to obtain one scale for particle theory corresponding to the 5-dimensional cosmological constant and Universe thickness, and thus to solve the hierarchy problem.
The inflationary multiverse says that eternal cosmological inflation yields an enormous network of bubble universes, of which our universe would be one. The brane multiverse states that in M-theory, in the brane world scenario, our universe exists on one three-dimensional brane, which floats in a higher dimensional expanse potentially populated ...
In 2011, a five-year survey of 200,000 galaxies and spanning 7 billion years of cosmic time confirmed that "dark energy is driving our universe apart at accelerating speeds." [4] [5] One new cyclic model is the brane cosmology model of the creation of the universe, derived from the earlier ekpyrotic model.
The brane multiverse version postulates that our entire universe exists on a membrane which floats in a higher dimension or "bulk". In this bulk, there are other membranes with their own universes. In this bulk, there are other membranes with their own universes.
Also, these surfaces can be mapped as branes. These branes can be viewed as objects with a morphism between them. In this case, the morphism will be the state of a string that stretches between brane A and brane B. Singularities are avoided because the observed consequences of "Big Crunches" never reach zero size. In fact, should the universe ...