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Bengali people may be broadly classified into sub-groups predominantly based on dialect but also other aspects of culture: Bangals: This is a term used predominantly in Indian West Bengal to refer to East Bengalis – i.e. Bangladeshis as well as those whose ancestors originate from Eastern Bengal. The East Bengali dialects are known as Bangali ...
Al Mahmud is considered one of the greatest Bengali poets to have emerged in the 20th century. [23] Hason Raja, mystical poet and songwriter. Ekramuddin Ahmad (1872–1940), Bengali litterateur and government officer; Muhammad Reazuddin Ahmad (1861–1933), journalist and philosopher; Humayun Ahmed (born 1948), novelist
It is also the de facto national language of the country. In India, Bengali is one of the 23 official languages. [52] It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and in Barak Valley of Assam. [53] [54] Bengali has been a second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011.
The most-widely spoken first language in the country is Punjabi, spoken by the Punjabi people, forming a majority in the Punjab province and Islamabad Capital Territory. Punjabi is followed by Pashto, Sindhi, Saraiki, [a] Urdu, Balochi; while more than 70 other languages like Shina, Balti, Gujarati, [28] Bengali [29] etc. are also spoken.
Old Bengali was the earliest recorded form of the Bengali language, spoken in the Bengal region of eastern Indian subcontinent during the Middle Ages. It developed from a Apabhraṃśa of Magadhi Prakrit around 650 AD, and the first Bengali literary works date from the 8th century.
Spoken Bengali exhibits far more variation than written Bengali. Formal spoken Bengali, including what is heard in news reports, speeches, announcements, and lectures, is modelled on Choltibhasha. This form of spoken Bengali stands alongside other spoken dialects, or Ancholik Bangla (আঞ্চলিক বাংলা) (i.e. 'regional Bengali').
It is the sole state language of Bangladesh and the second most spoken language in India. [174] It is also the seventh most spoken language by total number of speakers in the world. Bengali binds together a culturally diverse region and is an important contributor to regional identity.
Bengali was the primary vernacular language of the Sultanate. [132] Bengali borrowed a considerable amount of vocabulary from Arabic and Persian. Under the Mughal Empire, considerable autonomy was enjoyed in the Bengali literary sphere. [133] [134] The Bengali Language Movement of 1952 was a key part of East Pakistan's nationalist movement.