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Serum protein electrophoresis or immunofixation is positive in 67-100% of cases, while urine protein electrophoresis or immunofixation is positive in 50-100% of cases. [2] Serum free light chain measurement is positive in 100% of cases, evidence that the underlying monoclonal plasma cells secrete free light chains as well as heavy chains.
The serum free light-chain assay in combination with serum protein electrophoresis and serum immunofixation electrophoresis is sufficient to screen for pathological monoclonal plasmaproliferative disorders other than AL amyloidosis which requires all the serum tests as well as 24 h urine immunofixation electrophoresis.
Immunofixation tends to replace protein electrophoresis because : [citation needed] it is faster (results within three hours); it is somewhat more sensitive. Immunofixation may reveal an immunoglobulin missed out by protein electrophoresis, especially at low concentrations (less than 1 gram/litre);
type 3, oligoclonal bands in CSF and serum with additional bands in CSF; type 4, identical oligoclonal bands in CSF and serum, type 5, monoclonal bands in CSF and serum, type 6, presence of a single band limited to the CSF. Type 2 and 3 indicate intrathecal synthesis, and the rest are considered as negative results (No MS).
A known amount of standard complement proteins are added to the serum. (These proteins are frequently obtained from guinea pig serum.) The antigen of interest is added to the serum. Sheep red blood cells (sRBCs) [2] which have been pre-bound to anti-sRBC antibodies are added to the serum. The test is considered negative if the solution turns ...
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More recently, serum free light chain assays have been utilised in a number of published studies which have indicated superiority over the urine tests, particularly for patients producing low levels of monoclonal free light chains, as seen in nonsecretory multiple myeloma [5] [6] [7] and amyloid light chain amyloidosis (AL amyloidosis). [7] [8 ...
The dog then causes further trauma to the skin by itching and rubbing at the area, leading to a secondary bacterial infection." Acute moist dermatitis: Symptoms A patch of moist, inflamed skin ...