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  2. Functional electrical stimulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_electrical...

    This may be due to thermal damage, electroporation of the cell membrane, toxic products from electrochemical reactions at the electrode surface, or over-excitation of the targeted neurons or muscles. Typically FES is concerned with stimulation of neurons and nerves.

  3. Electrical synapse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_synapse

    There was substantial debate on whether the transmission of information between neurons was chemical or electrical in the first decades of the twentieth century, but chemical synaptic transmission was seen as the only answer after Otto Loewi's demonstration of chemical communication between neurons and heart muscle. Thus, the discovery of ...

  4. Neuromuscular junction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction

    It allows the motor neuron to transmit a signal to the muscle fiber, causing muscle contraction. [2] Muscles require innervation to function—and even just to maintain muscle tone, avoiding atrophy. In the neuromuscular system, nerves from the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system are linked and work together with muscles. [3]

  5. Action potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential

    The action potential in a normal skeletal muscle cell is similar to the action potential in neurons. [61] Action potentials result from the depolarization of the cell membrane (the sarcolemma ), which opens voltage-sensitive sodium channels; these become inactivated and the membrane is repolarized through the outward current of potassium ions.

  6. Synapse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse

    However, they result in graded variations in membrane potential due to local permeability, influenced by the amount and duration of neurotransmitter released at the synapse. [25] Recently, mechanical tension, a phenomenon never thought relevant to synapse function has been found to be required for those on hippocampal neurons to fire. [28]

  7. End-plate potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End-plate_potential

    Signal transmission from nerve to muscle at the motor end plate. The neuromuscular junction is the synapse that is formed between an alpha motor neuron (α-MN) and the skeletal muscle fiber. In order for a muscle to contract, an action potential is first propagated down a nerve until it reaches the axon terminal of the motor neuron.

  8. Axon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon

    The function of the axon is to transmit information to different neurons, muscles, and glands. In certain sensory neurons ( pseudounipolar neurons ), such as those for touch and warmth, the axons are called afferent nerve fibers and the electrical impulse travels along these from the periphery to the cell body and from the cell body to the ...

  9. Chemical synapse - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_synapse

    Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be sent to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie perception and thought.

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    neurons that emit action potentialneuromuscular junction process