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The psychologist Adolf Zeising noted that the golden ratio appeared in phyllotaxis and argued from these patterns in nature that the golden ratio was a universal law. [92] Zeising wrote in 1854 of a universal orthogenetic law of "striving for beauty and completeness in the realms of both nature and art". [93]
Many works of art are claimed to have been designed using the golden ratio. However, many of these claims are disputed, or refuted by measurement. [1] The golden ratio, an irrational number, is approximately 1.618; it is often denoted by the Greek letter φ .
For example, the golden ratio, φ ≈ 1.618, is a real quadratic integer that is greater than 1, while the absolute value of its conjugate, −φ −1 ≈ −0.618, is less than 1. Therefore, φ is a Pisot number. Its minimal polynomial is x 2 − x − 1.
In geometry, a golden rectangle is a rectangle with side lengths in golden ratio +:, or :, with approximately equal to 1.618 or 89/55. Golden rectangles exhibit a special form of self-similarity : if a square is added to the long side, or removed from the short side, the result is a golden rectangle as well.
Several properties and common features of the Penrose tilings involve the golden ratio = + (approximately 1.618). [31] [32] This is the ratio of chord lengths to side lengths in a regular pentagon, and satisfies φ = 1 + 1/ φ.
Dynamic symmetry is a proportioning system and natural design methodology described in Hambidge's books. The system uses dynamic rectangles, including root rectangles based on ratios such as √ 2, √ 3, √ 5, the golden ratio (φ = 1.618...), its square root (√ φ = 1.272...), and its square (φ 2 = 2.618....), and the silver ratio (=).
The ratio of the progression of side lengths is , where = (+) / is the golden ratio, and the progression can be written: ::, or approximately 1 : 1.272 : 1.618. Squares on the edges of this triangle have areas in another geometric progression, 1 : φ : φ 2 {\displaystyle 1:\varphi :\varphi ^{2}} .
Stack of golden ratio (φ) intervals, measured in Hz ((11.09 + 6.854) ÷ 11.09 = 11.09 ÷ 6.854 = 1.618). 833 cents scale in 36-tet notation, with slurs indicating a golden ratio The 833 cents scale is a musical tuning and scale proposed by Heinz Bohlen [ clarification needed ] based on combination tones , an interval of 833.09 cents , and ...