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For example, transcriptional responses to stress are tissue or cell specific in roots and are quite different depending on the stress involved. [ 13 ] One of the primary responses to abiotic stress such as high salinity is the disruption of the Na+/K+ ratio in the cytoplasm of the plant cell.
Abiotic stress is a naturally occurring factor that cannot be controlled by humans. One example of two stressors that are complementary to each other is wind and drought. Drought dries out the soil and kills the plants that are growing in the soil. After this occurs, the soil is left barren and dry. Wind can pick up the soil and carry for miles.
Plants can protect themselves from abiotic stress in many different ways, and most include a physical change in the plant’s morphology. Phenotypic plasticity is a plant’s ability to alter and adapt its morphology in response to the external environments to protect themselves against stress. [2]
Biotic stresses have had huge repercussions for humanity; an example of this is the potato blight, an oomycete which caused widespread famine in England, Ireland and Belgium in the 1840s. [6] Another example is grape phylloxera coming from North America in the 19th century, which led to the Great French Wine Blight. [6]
Abiotic components include physical conditions and non-living resources that affect living organisms in terms of growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Resources are distinguished as substances or objects in the environment required by one organism and consumed or otherwise made unavailable for use by other organisms.
Facilitation has a greater effect on plant interactions under environmental stress than competition. [9] Another example is the positive effects of facilitation on desert plants that face the effects of rising aridification. [10] Shrubs are known to provide favourable abiotic conditions in these dry regions. [11]
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Abiotic stresses (such as drought) induce the expression of the following transcription factors. They bind to cis-elements, resulting in a change in stress response and tolerance. In response to drought conditions, there is an alteration of gene expression, induced by or activated by transcription factors (TFs).