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  2. Inheritance (object-oriented programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(object...

    The term inheritance is loosely used for both class-based and prototype-based programming, but in narrow use the term is reserved for class-based programming (one class inherits from another), with the corresponding technique in prototype-based programming being instead called delegation (one object delegates to another). Class-modifying ...

  3. Method overriding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_overriding

    In C#, class methods, indexers, properties and events can all be overridden. Non-virtual or static methods cannot be overridden. The overridden base method must be virtual, abstract, or override. In addition to the modifiers that are used for method overriding, C# allows the hiding of an inherited property or method.

  4. Curiously recurring template pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiously_recurring...

    It is sometimes called "Upside-Down Inheritance" [5] [6] due to the way it allows class hierarchies to be extended by substituting different base classes. The Microsoft Implementation of CRTP in Active Template Library (ATL) was independently discovered, also in 1995, by Jan Falkin, who accidentally derived a base class from a derived class.

  5. Downcasting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downcasting

    In class-based programming, downcasting, or type refinement, is the act of casting a base or parent class reference, to a more restricted derived class reference. [1] This is only allowable if the object is already an instance of the derived class, and so this conversion is inherently fallible.

  6. Class invariant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_invariant

    Class invariants are inherited, that is, "the invariants of all the parents of a class apply to the class itself." [1] Inheritance can allow descendant classes to alter implementation data of parent classes, so it would be possible for a descendant class to change the state of instances in a way that made them invalid from the viewpoint of the ...

  7. C Sharp syntax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_syntax

    Runtime exception handling method in C# is inherited from Java and C++. The base class library has a class called System. Exception from which all other exception classes are derived. An Exception-object contains all the information about a specific exception and also the inner exceptions that were caused.

  8. Composition over inheritance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_over_inheritance

    Composition over inheritance (or composite reuse principle) in object-oriented programming (OOP) is the principle that classes should favor polymorphic behavior and code reuse by their composition (by containing instances of other classes that implement the desired functionality) over inheritance from a base or parent class. [2]

  9. Multiple inheritance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_inheritance

    The order of inheritance affects the class semantics. Python had to deal with this upon the introduction of new-style classes, all of which have a common ancestor, object. Python creates a list of classes using the C3 linearization (or Method Resolution Order (MRO)) algorithm.