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The state space or phase space is the geometric space in which the axes are the state variables. The system state can be represented as a vector , the state vector . If the dynamical system is linear, time-invariant, and finite-dimensional, then the differential and algebraic equations may be written in matrix form.
Field theory is centered around the idea that a person's life space determines their behavior. [2] Thus, the equation was also expressed as B = f(L), where L is the life space. [4] In Lewin's book, he first presents the equation as B = f(S), where behavior is a function of the whole situation (S). [5]
The set of possible combinations of state variable values is called the state space of the system. The equations relating the current state of a system to its most recent input and past states are called the state equations, and the equations expressing the values of the output variables in terms of the state variables and inputs are called the ...
A fixed mapping between an initial state and a final state. Starting from an initial condition and moving forward in time, a deterministic process always generates the same trajectory, and no two trajectories cross in state space. Difference equations/Maps – discrete time, continuous state space.
In mathematics and science, a nonlinear system (or a non-linear system) is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of the input. [1] [2] Nonlinear problems are of interest to engineers, biologists, [3] [4] [5] physicists, [6] [7] mathematicians, and many other scientists since most systems are inherently nonlinear in nature. [8]
System in open-loop. If the closed-loop dynamics can be represented by the state space equation (see State space (controls)) _ ˙ = _ + _, with output equation _ = _ + _, then the poles of the system transfer function are the roots of the characteristic equation given by
Examples of latent variables from the field of economics include quality of life, business confidence, morale, happiness and conservatism: these are all variables which cannot be measured directly. But linking these latent variables to other, observable variables, the values of the latent variables can be inferred from measurements of the ...
Furthermore, the interaction of the person (P), and the environment (E) produces this life space. In symbolic expression, B=ƒ(LS)=F(P,E). [6] An example of a more complex life-space concept is the idea that two people's experience of a situation can become one when they converse together.