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Philistine pottery beer jug. Beer is one of the oldest human-produced drinks. The written history of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia records the use of beer, and the drink has spread throughout the world; a 3,900-year-old Sumerian poem honouring Ninkasi, the patron goddess of brewing, contains the oldest surviving beer-recipe, describing the production of beer from barley bread, and in China ...
Bappir was a Sumerian twice-baked barley bread that was primarily used in ancient Mesopotamian beer brewing.Historical research done at Anchor Brewing Co. in 1989 (documented in Charlie Papazian's Home Brewer's Companion (ISBN 0-380-77287-6)) reconstructed a bread made from malted barley and barley flour with honey, spices [1] and water and baked until hard enough to store for long periods of ...
Ninkasi was the Mesopotamian goddess of beer and brewing. It is possible that in the first millennium BC she was known under the variant name Kurunnītu, derived from a term referring to a type of high quality beer. She was associated with both positive and negative consequences of the consumption of beer.
Some of the earliest writings mention the production and distribution of beer: the c. 1750 BC Babylonian Code of Hammurabi included laws regulating it, [178] while "The Hymn to Ninkasi", a c. 1800 BC prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, a recipe for it. [179] [180] In many societies, beer is the most popular alcoholic drink.
A tablet found dating back to 1800 BCE contains the Hymn to Ninkasi which is also basically a recipe for Mesopotamian beer. [13] Sumerian beer was made from bappir, a bread made from twice-baked barley, which was then fermented. [14] In ancient Babylon, women worked as baker-brewers and were often engaged in the commercial distribution of beer.
Descriptions of various beer recipes can be found in cuneiform (the oldest known writing) from ancient Mesopotamia. [3] [11] [12] In Mesopotamia the brewer's craft was the only profession which derived social sanction and divine protection from female deities/goddesses, specifically: Ninkasi, who covered the production of beer, Siris, who was ...
Some of the earliest writings mention the production and distribution of beer: the Code of Hammurabi (1750 BC) included laws regulating it, while "The Hymn to Ninkasi", a prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, contains a recipe for it. Beer forms part of the culture of many nations and is associated with social traditions such as beer ...
In Mesopotamia, the world's oldest known recipe for beer-making can be traced back to 3200 BC, with related pictographs dated to 4000 BC. [5] Similarly, wine has ancient roots, with evidence of production in Jemdet Nasr in 3000 BC, [ 5 ] Georgia from around 6000 BC, and Iran from 5000 BC.