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The call stack works well as a place for these parameters, especially since each call to a subroutine, which will have differing values for parameters, will be given separate space on the call stack for those values. In object-oriented languages such as C++, the list of parameters may also include the this pointer. Evaluation stack
duplicate the value on top of the stack dup_x1 5a 0101 1010 value2, value1 → value1, value2, value1 insert a copy of the top value into the stack two values from the top. value1 and value2 must not be of the type double or long. dup_x2 5b 0101 1011 value3, value2, value1 → value1, value3, value2, value1
A number of programming languages are stack-oriented, meaning they define most basic operations (adding two numbers, printing a character) as taking their arguments from the stack, and placing any return values back on the stack. For example, PostScript has a return stack and an operand stack, and also has a graphics state stack and a ...
Indirect load value of type int64 as int64 on the stack. Base instruction 0x4E ldind.r4: Indirect load value of type float32 as F on the stack. Base instruction 0x4F ldind.r8: Indirect load value of type float64 as F on the stack. Base instruction 0x50 ldind.ref: Indirect load value of type object ref as O on the stack. Base instruction 0x47 ...
Each frame for a method call has an "operand stack" and an array of "local variables". [5]: 2.6 [2] The operand stack is used for passing operands to computations and for receiving the return value of a called method, while local variables serve the same purpose as registers and are also used to pass method arguments. The maximum size of the ...
Typical Java interpreters do not buffer the top-of-stack this way, however, because the program and stack have a mix of short and wide data values. If the hardwired stack machine has 2 or more top-stack registers, or a register file, then all memory access is avoided in this example and there is only 1 data cache cycle.
This stack frame is pushed, or allocated, as prelude to calling another function, and is popped, or deallocated, when the other function returns to the function that did the call. The upwards funarg problem arises when the calling function refers to the called/exited function's state after that function has returned.
Where the previous value of the frame pointer is stored, which is used to restore the stack frame when the subroutine ends. Options include within the call stack, or in a specific register. Sometimes frame pointers are not used at all. [2]