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The Caddo people comprise the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe headquartered in Binger, Oklahoma.They speak the Caddo language.. The Caddo Confederacy was a network of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, who historically inhabited much of what is now northeast Texas, west Louisiana, southwestern Arkansas, and southeastern Oklahoma. [2]
The name Hasinai means "our own people" in Caddoan. The Spanish knew the Hasinai as the Tejas or Texas, from a form of greeting meaning "friend", which gave the state of Texas its name. [3] Variants of Hasinai include: Hasini, Asenai, Asinai, Assoni, Asenay, Cenis, Senis, Sannaye, [3] Asinaiz, Asinayes, Assinais, Azinais, Azinays. [4]
The first documented contact with the Adai people happened in 1529 near the Gulf of Mexico by Spanish Explorer, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. [10] While most of the nation was concentrated in Northern Louisiana and East Texas, their villages were located all around the Red River and Sabine River and could also be found in Oklahoma and Arkansas.
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The governor of Texas visited the Nacogdoche in 1752. [3] Their primary village, Nevantin, was located near present day Nacogdoches, Texas, [6] named for the tribe. Four mounds surrounded the site of Nevantin, until relatively recently. [3] While Spanish colonizers claimed Nacogdoche land, the tribe traded freely with the French.
Spanish Texas was one of the interior provinces of the colonial Viceroyalty of New Spain from 1519 until 1821. Spain claimed ownership of the region in 1519. Slave raids by Spaniards into what became Texas began in the 16th century and created an atmosphere of antagonism with Native Americans (Indians) which would cause endless difficulties for the Spanish in the future.
The Natchitoches (/ ˈ n æ k ə t ɪ ʃ / NAK-ə-tish; Caddo: Náshit'ush) [1] are a Native American tribe from Louisiana and Texas.They organized themselves in one of the three Caddo-speaking confederacies along with the Hasinai (between the Sabine and Trinity rivers in eastern Texas), and Kadohadacho (at the borders of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana).
In 1716, Spanish colonists founded the Mission of San Miguel de Linares, also known as the Mission of Adayes, [3] to convert the Adai, Natchitoches, and other Caddo people to Roman Catholicism. [1] The French and their Native allies destroyed that mission in 1719 but the Spanish rebuilt in 1721. [1]