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Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase. [1] A high concentration of the evaporating substance in the surrounding gas significantly slows down evaporation, such as when humidity affects rate of evaporation of water. [2]
Ch. 1, "Evaporation" Transpiration: the movement of water from root systems, through a plant, and exit into the air as water vapor. This exit occurs through stomata in the plant. Rate of transpiration can be influenced by factors including plant type, soil type, weather conditions and water content, and also cultivation practices. [6]: Ch. 1 ...
The Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process (after Alfred Wegener, Tor Bergeron and Walter Findeisen []), (or "cold-rain process") is a process of ice crystal growth that occurs in mixed phase clouds (containing a mixture of supercooled water and ice) in regions where the ambient vapor pressure falls between the saturation vapor pressure over water and the lower saturation vapor pressure over ice.
Such changes affect "precipitation, evaporation, flooding, groundwater, and the availability of freshwater for a variety of uses". [3]: 1153 Examples for such land use changes are converting fields to urban areas or clearing forests. Such changes can affect the ability of soils to soak up surface water.
The US data is collected and compiled into an annual evaporation map. [4] The measurements range from under 30 to over 120 inches per year. Formulas can be used for calculating the rate of evaporation from a water surface such as a swimming pool. [5] [6] In some countries, the evaporation rate far exceeds the precipitation rate.
This results in a global evaporation pattern, where high evaporation rates can be observed mostly in warm tropical and subtropical regions, where the surface was heated by solar radiation which can provide the necessary amount of energy. At higher latitudes the evaporation rate decreases.
The five components of the climate system all interact. They are the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the lithosphere and the biosphere. [1]: 1451 Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things).
The decline of sea ice in the Arctic has been accelerating during the early twenty-first century, with a decline rate of 4.7% per decade (it has declined over 50% since the first satellite records). [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] Summertime sea ice will likely cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.