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In the strict sense, a proto-language is the most recent common ancestor of a language family, immediately before the family started to diverge into the attested daughter languages. It is therefore equivalent with the ancestral language or parental language of a language family. [2] Moreover, a group of lects that are not considered separate ...
For English, a modern English cognate is given when it exists, along with the corresponding Old English form; otherwise, only an Old English form is given. For Gothic, a form in another Germanic language (Old Norse; Old High German; or Middle High German) is sometimes given in its place or in addition, when it reveals important features.
Proto-Indo-European nominals and verbs were primarily composed of roots – affix-lacking morphemes that carried the core lexical meaning of a word. They were used to derive related words (cf. the English root "-friend-", from which are derived related words such as friendship, friendly, befriend, and newly coined words such as unfriend). As a ...
It evolved from the Proto-Armenian language which, according to the Armenian hypothesis, developed in situ from the Proto-Indo-European language of the 3rd millennium BC. [20] [21] Balto-Slavic, believed by most Indo-Europeanists [22] to form a phylogenetic unit, while a minority ascribes similarities to prolonged language-contact.
Proto-Indo-Aryan (or sometimes Proto-Indic [a]) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Aryan languages. It is intended to reconstruct the language of the pre-Vedic Indo-Aryans. Proto-Indo-Aryan is meant to be the predecessor of Old Indo-Aryan (1500–300 BCE), which is directly attested as Vedic and Mitanni-Aryan.
Proto-Indo-Iranian, also called Proto-Indo-Iranic or Proto-Aryan, [1] is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European. Its speakers, the hypothetical Proto-Indo-Iranians , are assumed to have lived in the late 3rd millennium BC, and are often connected with the Sintashta culture of the Eurasian Steppe and the ...
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Proto-Indo-Aryan (sometimes Proto-Indic [note 1]) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Indo-Aryan languages. [1] It is intended to reconstruct the language of the Indo-Aryans , who had migrated into the Indian subcontinent .