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The free vowels are the following: / iː / as in pea / eɪ / as in pay / uː / as in too / oʊ / as in Poe / ɔː / as in paw / ɑː / as in bra / aɪ / as in pie / aʊ / as in plow / ɔɪ / as in ploy; The schwa / ə / is usually considered neither free nor checked because it cannot stand in stressed syllables.
Phonological awareness is an individual's awareness of the phonological structure, or sound structure, of words. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Phonological awareness is an important and reliable predictor of later reading ability and has, therefore, been the focus of much research.
Researchers believe that morphological awareness, i.e. ability to identify the structures of the words, develop from as early as 4 years old. [7] Thus, researchers have used TOWRE - 2 to identify morphological awareness in children, and also other reading abilities like reading comprehensions and passage reading efficiency.
These forms of metalinguistic awareness are of particular relevance in the process of learning how to read. Phonological awareness may be assessed through the use of phonemic segmentation tasks, though the use of tests utilizing nondigraph, nonword syllables appear to provide more accurate results. [2]
Phonological awareness does continue to develop until the first years of school. For example, only about half of the 4- and 5-year-olds tested by Liberman et al. (1974) were able to tap out the number of syllables in multisyllabic words, but 90% of the 6-year-olds were able to do so. [28]
For example, Spanish casar ("to marry") is composed of an open syllable followed by a closed syllable (ca-sar), whereas cansar "to get tired" is composed of two closed syllables (can-sar). When a geminate (double) consonant occurs, the syllable boundary occurs in the middle, e.g. Italian panna "cream" ( pan-na ); cf. Italian pane "bread" ( pa-ne ).
(Note: Phonemic Awareness is the ability to manipulate sounds in spoken syllables and words. Phonemes are the smallest units of sounds comprising spoken language. For example, the words go and she each consist of two sounds or phonemes, g-o (IPA / ɡ, oʊ /) and sh-e (IPA / ʃ, iː /), respectively.
Phonemic awareness and phonological awareness are often confused since they are interdependent. Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate individual phonemes. Phonological awareness includes this ability, but it also includes the ability to hear and manipulate larger units of sound, such as onsets and rimes and syllables .