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Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock.It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed deep under the sea by the compression of microscopic plankton that had settled to the sea floor.
When they died, the microscopic calcium carbonate plates, which formed their shells settled downward through the ocean water and accumulated on the ocean bottom to form a thick layer of calcareous ooze, which eventually became the Chalk Group.
The products of chalk weathering are dissolved in rainwater and are transported in stream flow. Chalk streams transport little suspended material (unlike most rivers), but are considered "mineral-rich" due to the dissolved calcium and carbonate ions. The surface water of chalk streams is commonly described as "gin clear".
The chalk and water mixture, also called Kreidemilch or Kreidetrübe, was passed through separation tanks where the finer impurities, the Grand, settled out. The chalk suspension freed from the grand finally ended up in the settling basin, in which the still-suspended particles settled out and accumulated into a layer about 30 cm thick. The now ...
It is formed in marine or freshwater environments, often through the activities of algae. Marl makes up the lower part of the cliffs of Dover, and the Channel Tunnel follows these marl layers between France and the United Kingdom. Marl is also a common sediment in post-glacial lakes, such as the marl ponds of the northeastern United States.
The Cretaceous is justly famous for its chalk; indeed, more chalk formed in the Cretaceous than in any other period in the Phanerozoic. [26] Mid-ocean ridge activity—or rather, the circulation of seawater through the enlarged ridges—enriched the oceans in calcium ; this made the oceans more saturated, as well as increased the ...
A dry valley may develop on many kinds of permeable rock, such as limestone, chalk, sand stone and sandy terrains that do not regularly sustain surface water flow. Such valleys do not hold surface water because it sinks into the permeable bedrock. There are many examples of chalk dry valleys along the North and South Downs in Southern England.
Niobrara Chalk was weathered and opalized in the Valentine phase of the Ogallala Formation. The Niobrara Formation / ˌ n aɪ. ə ˈ b r ær ə /, also called the Niobrara Chalk, is a geologic formation in North America that was deposited between 87 and 82 million years ago during the Coniacian, Santonian, and Campanian stages of the Late ...