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1912 — Vesto Slipher's spectrographic studies of spiral nebulae find high Doppler shifts indicating recessional velocity. 1917 — Heber Curtis finds novae in Andromeda Nebula M31 were ten magnitudes fainter than normal, giving a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs supporting the "island universes" or independent galaxies hypothesis for spiral nebulae.
Their Catalogue of One Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars [16] was published in 1786. A second catalog of a thousand was published in 1789, and the third and final catalog of 510 appeared in 1802. During much of their work, William Herschel believed that these nebulae were merely unresolved clusters of stars.
discovered [a] Distance [a] [b] Apparent magnitude (visual) [a] Constellation [a] Glowing Eye Nebula or Dandelion Puffball Nebula: NGC 6751: 1863 6.5 11.9 Aquila ...
[25] [26] Hubble found Cepheids in several nebulae, including the Andromeda Nebula and Triangulum Nebula. His observations, made in 1924, proved conclusively that these nebulae were much too distant to be part of the Milky Way and were, in fact, entire galaxies outside our own; thus today they are no longer considered nebulae.
The first planetary nebula discovered (though not yet termed as such) was the Dumbbell Nebula in the constellation of Vulpecula.It was observed by Charles Messier on July 12, 1764 and listed as M27 in his catalogue of nebulous objects. [10]
The following articles contain lists of nebulae: List of dark nebulae; List of diffuse nebulae; List of planetary nebulae; List of protoplanetary nebulae;
Planetary nebulae are generally faint objects, and none are visible to the naked eye. The first planetary nebula discovered was the Dumbbell Nebula in the constellation of Vulpecula, observed by Charles Messier in 1764 and listed as M27 in his catalogue of nebulous objects.
Eighteen of the objects were discovered by Messier; the rest had been previously observed by other astronomers. [6] By 1780 the catalogue had increased to 70 objects. [ 7 ] The final version of the catalogue containing 103 objects was published in 1781 in the Connaissance des Temps for the year 1784.