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[citation needed] Historian Don Nardo stated "throughout antiquity most Greek women had few or no civil rights and many enjoyed little freedom of choice or mobility." [9] Detailed records on the status of women in Ancient Greece only describe the behavior and treatment of elites, and have survived for only three poleis: Sparta, Athens and ...
The First Ladies of Rome: the Women behind the Caesars. London: Jonathan Cape. Bruce W. Frier, Thomas A. J. McGinn (2004). A casebook on Roman family law. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516186-6. Gardner, Jane F. 1986. Women in Roman Law and Society. Croom Helm; Hallett, Judith P. (1984). Fathers and daughters in Roman society: women and ...
Diotíma (formerly Diotima: Materials for the Study of Women and Gender in the Ancient World) is an online resource about "women, gender, sex, sexualities, race, ethnicity, class, status, masculinity, enslavement, disability, and the intersections among them in the ancient Mediterranean world."
According to Shelley Haley, Pomeroy's work "legitimized the study of Greek and Roman women in ancient times". [21] However, classics has been characterised as a "notoriously conservative" field, [21] and initially women's history was slow to be adopted: from 1970 to 1985, only a few articles on ancient women were published in major journals. [22]
Throughout Europe, women's legal status centred around her marital status while marriage itself was the biggest factor in restricting women's autonomy. [84] Custom, statue and practice not only reduced women's rights and freedoms but prevented single or widowed women from holding public office on the justification that they might one day marry ...
From the 1960's onward, women's employment in the service sector experienced a sharp increase, as did women's access to higher education. [12] By the 1970s, the number of degrees awarded to women increased from 27,000 to 60,000. However, this was still about 40% of the number of degrees awarded to men. [12]
The Greek god Aesclepius was fabled to have been extracted from his mother's womb through this procedure. [21] Other than the evidence of Jews practicing C-sections in antiquity (very little in ancient Rome, even less in ancient Greece), not much more evidence exists regarding Caesarian-operation birth.
Funerary stele from Roman-era Thessaloniki (168–190 CE) depicting a woman and her deceased husband, the couple's three sons, and an older woman who is possibly their grandmother. The jus trium liberorum was a reward gained by compliance with the leges Iulia and Papia Poppea. The privilege concerned both sexes, but impacted women more than men.