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An example of this is the slippery-slope argument, which encourages others to avoid a specified act on the grounds that it may ultimately lead to undesirable consequences. [ 32 ] Often "negative" consequentialist theories assert that reducing suffering is more important than increasing pleasure.
Its conception of human nature and human good overlooks the need for self-identity than which nothing is more essentially human." (p. 173, see especially sections 6 and 7). The consequence of this is held to be that "Marx and his followers have underestimated the importance of phenomena, such as religion and nationalism, which satisfy the need ...
This scientific method stresses the importance of first establishing well-defined principles of human nature (moral philosophy) and ‘deducing’ aspects of political life from this. [1] Hobbes first used the mechanics of motion to define principles of human perception, behaviour and reasoning, which were then used to draw the conclusions of ...
Observation of nature: Natural law authors sometimes draw on observations of the natural world and human behavior to derive moral principles. According to Aristotle [ 173 ] and Aquinas , [ 174 ] it is possible to examine the humans powers and inclinations, to detect what kind of goods are achievable and deserve to be reached.
Influenced by 19th century positivism [5] and Charles Darwin's evolution, for both Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, the idea of uncertainty and chance in social dynamics (and thus unintended consequences beyond results of perfectly defined laws) was only apparent, (if not rejected) since social actions were directed and produced by deliberate human intention.
In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek: δέον, 'obligation, duty' + λόγος, 'study') is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules and principles, rather than based on the consequences of the action. [1]
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (EPM) is the enquiry subsequent to the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (EHU). Thus, it is often referred to as his "second Enquiry". [1] It was originally published in 1751, three years after the first Enquiry. [2] Hume first discusses ethics in A Treatise of Human Nature (in Book 3 - "Of ...
Some consequences are included in the action even though the agent did not intend them to happen. [2] [4] It is sufficient that what the agent does "can be described under an aspect that makes it intentional". [9] [4] So, for example, if flipping the light switch alerts the burglar then alerting the burglar is part of the agent's actions. [1]