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  2. Transcription (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)

    The binding sequence for a transcription factor in DNA is usually about 10 or 11 nucleotides long. As summarized in 2009, Vaquerizas et al. indicated there are approximately 1,400 different transcription factors encoded in the human genome by genes that constitute about 6% of all human protein encoding genes. [ 25 ]

  3. Cell (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)

    Cell Biology in "The Biology Project" of University of Arizona. Centre of the Cell online; The Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, a collection of peer-reviewed still images, video clips and digital books that illustrate the structure, function and biology of the cell.

  4. Cloning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning

    Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes, but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters, non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA.

  5. Translation (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)

    First, convert each template DNA base to its RNA complement (note that the complement of A is now U), as shown below. Note that the template strand of the DNA is the one the RNA is polymerized against; the other DNA strand would be the same as the RNA, but with thymine instead of uracil. DNA -> RNA A -> U T -> A C -> G G -> C A=T-> A=U

  6. Gene expression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_expression

    Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype.

  7. Signal transduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction

    Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events.Proteins responsible for detecting stimuli are generally termed receptors, although in some cases the term sensor is used. [1]

  8. Cell biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology

    Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of organisms. [ 3 ]

  9. Reproduction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction

    A few types of organisms, such as many fungi and the ciliate Paramecium aurelia, [11] have more than two "sexes", called mating types. Most animals (including humans) and plants reproduce sexually. Sexually reproducing organisms have different sets of genes for every trait (called alleles). Offspring inherit one allele for each trait from each ...