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The muscular layer (muscular coat, muscular fibers, muscularis propria, muscularis externa) is a region of muscle in many organs in the vertebrate body, adjacent to the submucosa. It is responsible for gut movement such as peristalsis. The Latin, tunica muscularis, may also be used.
Whilst the muscularis externa is similar throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract, an exception is the stomach which has an additional inner oblique muscular layer to aid with grinding and mixing of food. The muscularis externa of the stomach is composed of the inner oblique layer, middle circular layer, and the outer longitudinal layer.
The muscularis mucosae, a thin layer of smooth muscle. The epithelium, the most exposed part of the mucosa, is a glandular epithelium with many goblet cells . Goblet cells secrete mucus , which lubricates the passage of food along and protects the intestinal wall from digestive enzymes.
These occur in the sphincters of the tract, as well as in the anterior stomach. The other type of contractions, called phasic contractions, consist of brief periods of both relaxation and contraction, occurring in the posterior stomach and the small intestine, and are carried out by the muscularis externa.
A part of the enteric nervous system, the myenteric plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract.It is found in the muscles of the esophagus, stomach, and intestine.
This change in position is due to the twist in transverse colon. These bands correspond to the outer layer of the muscularis externa, in other portions of the digestive tract. The teniae coli are regulated by the sacral nerves of the spinal cord, which are under control of the parasympathetic nervous system. [1]
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The external oblique functions to pull the chest downwards and compress the abdominal cavity, which increases the intra-abdominal pressure as in a Valsalva maneuver.It also performs ipsilateral (same side) side-bending and contralateral (opposite side) rotation: the right external oblique would side-bend to the right and rotate to the left, and vice versa.