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Delta-sigma (ΔΣ; or sigma-delta, ΣΔ) modulation is an oversampling method for encoding signals into low bit depth digital signals at a very high sample-frequency as part of the process of delta-sigma analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs).
English: Delta-sigma modulation loop model with quantization noise in the Laplace (s) domain. Integration become 1/s, and the quantization process can be modeled as simply adding noise. Integration become 1/s, and the quantization process can be modeled as simply adding noise.
Delta modulation (DM or Δ-modulation) is an analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog signal conversion technique used for transmission of voice information where quality is not of primary importance. DM is the simplest form of differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) where the difference between successive samples is encoded into n-bit data ...
Direct Stream Digital (DSD) is a trademark used by Sony and Philips for their system for digitally encoding audio signals for the Super Audio CD (SACD).. DSD uses delta-sigma modulation, a form of pulse-density modulation encoding, a technique to represent audio signals in digital format, a sequence of single-bit values at a sampling rate of 2.8224 MHz.
English: This is a block diagram of a simplified Delta Sigma ADC and is my own work drawn using "Inkscape" a free svg editor. It was drawn to illustrate a description of the functioning of the so-called Delta Sigma ADC which appears in the overall article on Delta Sigma modulation.
This results in a broadband dynamic range of only 7.78 dB, but it is not consistent among frequency bands, and in the lowest frequencies (the audible range) the dynamic range is much greater — over 100 dB. Noise shaping is inherently built into the delta-sigma modulators. The 1-bit converter is the basis of the DSD format by Sony.
Also, a small flash ADC circuit may be present inside a delta-sigma modulation loop. Flash ADCs are also used in NAND flash memory, where up to 3 bits are stored per cell as 8 voltages level on floating gates.
Kester, Walt (2009), Understand SINAD, ENOB, SNR, THD, THD + N, and SFDR so You Don't Get Lost in the Noise Floor (PDF), Tutorial, Analog Devices, MT-003 Maxim (December 17, 2001), Glossary of Frequently Used High-Speed Data Converter Terms , Application Note, Maxim, 740