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We live and act in a pluralistic world, and a pluralistic world should respect diversity, which is itself synonymous with life. Respect for peaceful and harmonious complementarity among the diverse cultures and economies, without exploitation or discrimination against any single one, is essential for saving the planet, humanity, and life.
Solitary life in animals is considered to be the ancestral state of living; and group living has thus evolved independently in many species of animals. [2] Therefore, species that form groups through social interaction will result in a group of individuals that gain an evolutionary advantage, such as increased protection against predators ...
The influence of human behaviour on domesticated animals has led to many species having learned to co-exist - sometimes leading to the formation of an interspecies friendship. For example, interspecies friendships are often observed in humans with their domesticated pets and in pets that live in the same household such as cats and dogs. [1] [17]
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The Lives of Animals (1999) is a metafictional novella about animal rights by the South African novelist J. M. Coetzee, recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature. [1] The work is introduced by Amy Gutmann and followed by a collection of responses by Marjorie Garber , Peter Singer , Wendy Doniger and Barbara Smuts . [ 2 ]
Human–animal communication is the communication observed between humans and other animals, ranging from non-verbal cues and vocalizations to the use of language. [ 1 ] Some human–animal communication may be observed in casual circumstances, such as the interactions between pets and their owners, which can reflect a form of spoken, while not ...
The concept of "reciprocal altruism", as introduced by Trivers, suggests that altruism, defined as an act of helping another individual while incurring some cost for this act, could have evolved since it might be beneficial to incur this cost if there is a chance of being in a reverse situation where the individual who was helped before may perform an altruistic act towards the individual who ...
Comfort behaviours can function to communicate socially during breeding season such as in the Degus, [13] and form bonds and social structure within groups. [5] It also can have implications on social outcomes of an animal. In infant monkeys it was found that contact comfort from their mothers was necessary to encourage positive social outcomes.