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Acid growth refers to the ability of plant cells and plant cell walls to elongate or expand quickly at low (acidic) pH. The cell wall needs to be modified in order to maintain the turgor pressure. This modification is controlled by plant hormones like auxin. Auxin also controls the expression of some cell wall genes. [1]
Intracellular pH is typically lower than extracellular pH due to lower concentrations of HCO 3 −. [9] A rise of extracellular (e.g., serum) partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2) above 45 mmHg leads to formation of carbonic acid, which causes a decrease of pH i as it dissociates: [10]
The acid-growth hypothesis is a theory that explains the expansion dynamics of cells and organs in plants. It was originally proposed by Achim Hager and Robert Cleland in 1971. [1] [2] They hypothesized that the naturally occurring plant hormone, auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA), induces H + proton extrusion into the apoplast.
In chemistry, an acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base.It can be used to determine pH via titration.Several theoretical frameworks provide alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms and their application in solving related problems; these are called the acid–base theories, for example, Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory.
The bicarbonate buffer system regulates the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate to be equal to 1:20, at which ratio the blood pH is 7.4 (as explained in the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation). A change in the plasma pH gives an acid–base imbalance. In acid–base homeostasis there are two mechanisms that can help regulate the pH.
The HCO 3-is a conjugate base that neutralizes acids, and the H + is a conjugate acid that neutralizes bases by Acid-base homeostasis. The HCO 3-and H + are ideal for buffering pH in the blood and tissues because the pKa is close to the physiological pH = 7.2 – 7.6.
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The second and third lines of defense operate by making changes to the buffers, each of which consists of two components: a weak acid and its conjugate base. [5] [13] It is the ratio concentration of the weak acid to its conjugate base that determines the pH of the solution. [14]