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Apart from the Tabula Peutingeriana, its depiction of routes and marked distances is unique in British maps before the 17th century. And compared to previously known maps, like Ptolemy's Geography, it greatly improves the detail on the coast of England and Wales, although its depiction of the then independent Kingdom of Scotland is very poor. [11]
In the late 14th century naval warfare with England was conducted largely by hired Scots, Flemish and French merchantmen and privateers. [88] James I took a greater interest in naval power. After his return to Scotland in 1424 he established a shipbuilding yard at Leith , a house for marine stores, and a workshop.
Scotland's multilingual Scoto-Norman monarchs and mixed Gaelic and Scoto-Norman aristocracy all became part of the "Community of the Realm", in which ethnic differences were less divisive than in Ireland and Wales. [175] This identity was defined in opposition to English attempts to annexe the country and as a result of social and cultural changes.
The history of Ireland from 1169–1536 covers the period from the arrival of the Cambro-Normans [1] to the reign of Henry VIII of England, who made himself King of Ireland. After the Norman invasion of 1169–1171, Ireland was under an alternating level of control from Norman lords and the King of England .
Loch Ness, at the north-east end of the Great Glen Fault, which divides the Highland zone.The thirteenth-century Urquhart Castle can be seen in the foreground.. The geography of Scotland in the Middle Ages covers all aspects of the land that is now Scotland, including physical and human, between the departure of the Romans in the early fifth century from what are now the southern borders of ...
The ideal of chivalry continued to develop throughout the 14th century, reflected in the growth of knightly orders (including the Order of the Garter), grand tournaments and round table events. [121] Society and government in England in the early 14th century were challenged by the Great Famine and the Black Death. [122]
Wales in the Middle Ages covers the history of the country that is now called Wales, from the departure of the Romans in the early fifth century to the annexation of Wales into the Kingdom of England in the early sixteenth century. This period of about 1,000 years saw the development of regional Welsh kingdoms, Celtic conflict with the Anglo ...
24 July – Richard II of England lands from Ireland and makes his way to Conwy Castle. 9 August – Holt Castle surrenders without a fight to the soon-to-be Henry IV of England and the royal treasure moved here from the Tower of London over the previous year by Richard is recovered.