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  2. Euclidean plane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_plane

    The hypersphere in 2 dimensions is a circle, sometimes called a 1-sphere (S 1) because it is a one-dimensional manifold. In a Euclidean plane, it has the length 2π r and the area of its interior is

  3. Magnitude (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnitude_(mathematics)

    In mathematics, the magnitude or size of a mathematical object is a property which determines whether the object is larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind. More formally, an object's magnitude is the displayed result of an ordering (or ranking) of the class of objects to which it belongs.

  4. Ordered pair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_pair

    Ordered pairs are also called 2-tuples, or sequences (sometimes, lists in a computer science context) of length 2. Ordered pairs of scalars are sometimes called 2-dimensional vectors . (Technically, this is an abuse of terminology since an ordered pair need not be an element of a vector space .)

  5. Two-dimensional space - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional_space

    A two-dimensional space is a mathematical space with two dimensions, meaning points have two degrees of freedom: their locations can be locally described with two coordinates or they can move in two independent directions. Common two-dimensional spaces are often called planes, or, more generally, surfaces. These include analogs to physical ...

  6. Diagonal matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_matrix

    An identity matrix of any size, or any multiple of it is a diagonal matrix called a scalar matrix, for example, []. In geometry , a diagonal matrix may be used as a scaling matrix , since matrix multiplication with it results in changing scale (size) and possibly also shape ; only a scalar matrix results in uniform change in scale.

  7. Glossary of mathematical symbols - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical...

    2. Denotes the additive inverse and is read as minus, the negative of, or the opposite of; for example, –2. 3. Also used in place of \ for denoting the set-theoretic complement; see \ in § Set theory. × (multiplication sign) 1. In elementary arithmetic, denotes multiplication, and is read as times; for example, 3 × 2. 2.

  8. Norm (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)

    It defines a distance function called the Euclidean length, distance, or distance. The set of vectors in R n + 1 {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n+1}} whose Euclidean norm is a given positive constant forms an n {\displaystyle n} -sphere .

  9. Pythagorean theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem

    Given a triangle with sides of length a, b, and c, if a 2 + b 2 = c 2, then the angle between sides a and b is a right angle. For any three positive real numbers a , b , and c such that a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , there exists a triangle with sides a , b and c as a consequence of the converse of the triangle inequality .