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The Greeks called the construction technique emplekton [4] [5] and made particular use of it in the construction of the defensive walls of their poleis. The Romans made extensive use of rubble masonry, calling it opus caementicium , because caementicium was the name given to the filling between the two revetments .
Coursed masonry construction arranges units in regular courses. Oppositely, coursed rubble masonry construction uses random uncut units, infilled with mortar or smaller stones. [1] If a course is the horizontal arrangement, then a wythe is a continuous vertical section of masonry [2] one unit in thickness. A wythe may be independent of, or ...
Dry ashlar masonry laid in parallel courses on an Inca wall at Machu Picchu Ashlar masonry north gable of Banbury Town Hall, Oxfordshire Ashlar polygonal masonry in Cuzco, Peru Quarry-faced red Longmeadow sandstone in random ashlar was specified by architect Henry Hobson Richardson for the North Congregational Church (Springfield, Massachusetts, 1871).
The common materials of masonry construction are bricks and building stone, rocks such as marble, granite, and limestone, cast stone, concrete blocks, glass blocks, and adobe. Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are ...
Originally, and in later poorly constructed walls, the rubble was not consolidated. Later, mortar and cement were used to consolidate the core rubble and produce sturdier construction. Modern masonry still uses core and veneer walls; however, the core is now generally concrete block instead of rubble, and moisture barriers are included. [2]
construction site workers loading water, sand, ballast and cement into a concrete mixer. Concrete is typically used in commercial buildings and civil engineering projects, for its strength and durability. Concrete is a mix of cement and water plus an aggregate such as sand or stone. Its compression strength means it can support heavy weights. [5]
A cross section view of a rubble trench foundation A rubble trench foundation. The rubble trench foundation, an ancient construction approach popularized by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, is a type of foundation that uses loose stone or rubble to minimize the use of concrete and improve drainage. [1]
Rubble-work on Wyggeston's Chantry House in Leicester, built c. 1511 "Rubble-work" is a name applied to several types of masonry. [1] One kind, where the stones are loosely thrown together in a wall between boards and grouted with mortar almost like concrete, is called in Italian "muraglia di getto" and in French "bocage". [1]