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In psychology, trait theory (also called dispositional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality.Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. [1]
In trait theory, the Big Five personality traits (sometimes known as the five-factor model of personality or OCEAN or CANOE models) are a group of five characteristics used to study personality: [1] openness to experience (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious) conscientiousness (efficient/organized vs. extravagant/careless)
This personality typology has some aspects of a trait theory: it explains people's behavior in terms of opposite fixed characteristics. In these more traditional models, the sensing/intuition preference is considered the most basic, dividing people into "N" (intuitive) or "S" (sensing) personality types.
In psychology, personality type refers to the psychological classification of individuals. In contrast to personality traits, the existence of personality types remains extremely controversial. [1] [2] Types are sometimes said to involve qualitative differences between people, whereas traits might be construed as quantitative differences. [3]
The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) is an inventory for personality traits devised by Cloninger et al. [1] It is closely related to and an outgrowth of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), and it has also been related to the dimensions of personality in Zuckerman's alternative five and Eysenck's models [2] and those of the five factor model.
Intelligence and personality have traditionally been studied as separate entities in psychology, but more recent work has increasingly challenged this view.An increasing number of studies have recently explored the relationship between intelligence and personality, in particular the Big Five personality traits.
Emic traits are constructs unique to each culture, which are determined by local customs, thoughts, beliefs, and characteristics. Etic traits are considered universal constructs, which establish traits that are evident across cultures that represent a biological basis of human personality. [26]
Pseudoplesiomorphy – a trait that cannot be identified as either a plesiomorphy or an apomorphy that is a reversal. [15] Reversal – a loss of derived trait present in ancestor and the reestablishment of a plesiomorphic trait. Convergence – independent evolution of a similar trait in two or more taxa. Apomorphy – a derived trait.
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