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The reason is that Prudence [phronesis] includes a knowledge of particular facts, and this is derived from experience, which a young man does not possess; for experience is the fruit of years. [7] Phronesis is concerned with particulars, because it is concerned with how to act in particular situations. One can learn the principles of action ...
Aristotle includes techne and episteme in his five virtues of intellect: episteme, techne, phronesis, sophia, and nous. [6] [14] In Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle wrote that techne not only meant craft but also production (for example: the production of a ship). [14]
Phronesis or practical wisdom, as shown by good leaders. [17] The virtue of being a truly good friend. [18] Having the nobility kalokagathia of a gentleman. [19] Aristotle also says, for example in NE Book VI, that such a complete virtue requires intellectual virtue, not only practical virtue, but also theoretical wisdom.
For example, as rhetorical scholar Lois Self explains, "both rhetoric and phronesis are normative processes in that they involve rational principles of choice-making; both have general applicability but always require careful analysis of particulars in determining the best response to each specific situation; both ideally take into account the ...
Second, he develops an argument that in order to matter again, social sciences must model themselves after phronesis (as opposed to episteme, which is at the core of natural science). Finally, he develops methodological guidelines and shows practical examples of how a phronetic social science may be employed for research purposes. [1]
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For example, understanding how geometrical axioms lead to a theorem about properties of triangles counts as understanding the cause of the proven property of the right triangle. As a result, episteme is a virtue of thought that deals with what cannot be otherwise, while techne and phronesis deal with what is contingent. [4]
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