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The cytokine Interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein are common inflammatory markers used to diagnose systemic inflammation risk. [3] Baseline C-reactive protein levels deviate due to natural genetic variation, but significant increases can result from risk factors such as smoking, obesity, lifestyle, and high blood pressure. [3]
For example, body temperature is a well-known biomarker for fever. Blood pressure is used to determine the risk of stroke. It is also widely known that cholesterol values are a biomarker and risk indicator for coronary and vascular disease, and that C-reactive protein is a marker for inflammation.
In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated using blood, urine, or soft tissues [ 1 ] to examine normal biological processes , pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention . [ 2 ]
Gastrointestinal inflammation – inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease) or ulcers) [14] Rheumatoid arthritis; Ankylosing Spondylitis; Transient hyperphosphatasaemia of infancy: benign, transient, often associated with infection; Seminoma [15] Celiac disease [16] Sarcoidosis [17] Syphilis [18] Having B or O blood type ...
CRS occurs when large numbers of white blood cells, including B cells, T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and monocytes are activated and release inflammatory cytokines, which activate more white blood cells in a positive feedback loop of pathogenic inflammation. [5]
Leukocytosis is often seen during inflammation induced by infection, where it results in a large increase in the amount of leukocytes in the blood, especially immature cells. Leukocyte numbers usually increase to between 15 000 and 20 000 cells per microliter, but extreme cases can see it approach 100 000 cells per microliter. [ 10 ]
Inflammatory cells and red blood cells. Acute-phase proteins (APPs) are a class of proteins whose concentrations in blood plasma either increase (positive acute-phase proteins) or decrease (negative acute-phase proteins) in response to inflammation. This response is called the acute-phase reaction (also called acute-phase response).
Inflammation plays a major role in arteriosclerosis development, and consequently it is a major contributor in large arteries stiffening. [2] Increased arterial stiffness is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction , hypertension , heart failure , and stroke , two of the leading causes of death in ...